Mealtime Strategies to Transform the Lives of People with Type 2 Diabetes

WORDS LIYANA TAN ABDULLAH, DR HARVINDER KAUR GILCHARAN SINGH & DR KANIMOLLI ARASU

FEATURED EXPERTS

LIYANA TAN ABDULLAH
BSc Applied Chemistry UM
Student of Master Clinical Nutrition
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
DR HARVINDER KAUR GILCHARAN SINGH
Senior Lecturer
Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH) Faculty of Health Sciences
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
DR KANIMOLLI ARASU
Dietitian and Senior Lecturer
IMU Division of Nutrition & Dietetics
International Medical University (IMU)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant public health challenge in Malaysia, mirroring a global trend of increasing prevalence.

According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), there are almost 463 million people suffering from T2DM worldwide. In Malaysia, this chronic condition is on the rise, with approximately 1 in 5 adults living with diabetes according to 2019 National Health and Morbidity Survey.

THE COST OF TREATING T2DM IN MALAYSIA IS INCREASING DAY BY DAY

Globally, total annual cost for treating diabetes in 2022 was estimated to be USD412.9 billion, which include USD306.6 billion for direct medical costs and $106.3 billion for indirect costs attributable to diabetes.

T2DM has a huge socioeconomic implication with an estimated cost of RM 4.38 billion in 2017 to treat T2DM and its complications, according to a report published by the Malaysian Ministry of Health (MOH) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

Additionally, people with T2DM suffer from complications such as heart disease, chronic kidney disease, nerve damage, vision and/or hearing problems, and mental health issues when the disease is poorly managed. Consequently, it leads to poor quality of life among Malaysians living with T2DM.

There is a need for public awareness and caution when managing T2DM. This article aims to provide comprehensive insights of the risk factors associated with T2DM and lifestyle strategies for effective diabetes management.

WHAT IS TYPE 2 DIABETES?

T2DM is a chronic health condition characterized by increased sugar (glucose) levels in the blood.

An overview of T2DM. Click on the image for a larger and clearer version.

Following a meal, our body processes the ingested food, generating sugar, specifically glucose molecules. Glucose molecules are then released into the blood stream.

Concurrently, the pancreas secretes insulin hormone to control and maintain our blood glucose level. Insulin helps our cells to utilize sugars as a source of energy for the body.

In people with T2DM, their body cannot produce sufficient insulin or there is a problem in the effective utilization of insulin. Thus, blood glucose level remains high, causing multiple complications.

RISK FACTORS OF T2DM

Various risk factors, including overweight and obesity, have been identified in association with T2DM.

Overweight and obesity

The mechanisms that link obesity with insulin resistance are still uncertain. However, some studies suggest that people with obesity have fewer insulin receptors, especially in the skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue, than lean people.

Excessive weight gain is posited as a potential factor contributing to the impairment of insulin function, possibly linked to the detrimental effects of fat accumulation in tissues such as the muscles and liver.

Other risk factors

Besides obesity, other risk factors for T2DM includes combination of environmental and genetic risk factors. Even though strong correlation between genetic risk factors and T2DM are found in many studies, environmental risk factors remain as crucial in the development of T2DM.

Therefore, specific strategies such as promotion of physical activity, healthy lifestyle and healthy dietary patterns combined with interventions to reduce the rate of obesity could reduce increasing number of T2DM incidences in near future.

MEALTIME STRATEGIES FOR PEOPLE WITH T2DM

Here are some important strategies recommended by Ministry of Health Malaysia.

Portion control is crucial.

People with T2DM are recommended to have:

  • 2 servings of carbohydrates for breakfast.
  • 2 to 3 servings for lunch and dinner, respectively.
  • 1 to 2 servings of snack.

You can use your hand as a visual guide to determine portion sizes of your foods.

NUTRIENTS EXAMPLES SIZE OF 1 PORTION
Carbohydrates Rice The size of your fist.
Protein Tenggiri fish The size of your palm.
Fats Butter The size of the tip of your thumb.
Dietary fibre Green vegetables 2 hands full.

Additionally, you can also adhere to their specific recommended portions by following the Malaysian healthy plate such as the quarter, quarter half concept.

  1. Pick a dinner plate of 9-inch or 23-cm diameter.
  2. Fill half the plate with non-starchy vegetables, such as salad, green beans, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, or carrot.
  3. Fill one quarter with a lean protein, such as chicken, fish, turkey, beans, tempeh, tofu, or eggs.
  4. Fill the remaining quarter with carbohydrate-rich foods such as rice, pasta, noodles, corn, or other wholegrains. Note that a cup of milk counts as carbohydrate.
  5. Choose water or a low-calorie drink such as unsweetened fruit juice or tea to go with your meal.
  6. You can also add 2 serving of fruits per day as part of your diet.
Consume high-fibre food such as fresh fruits and vegetables.

Foods containing high amounts of soluble fibres such as apples, citrus fruits, barley, and beans help to prevent sugar spikes as they slow down the digestion process.

However, these foods also contain carbohydrates and thus, you need to watch the portion sizes.

Choose wholegrains instead of simple carbohydrates.
EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE CARBS EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX CARBS
  • White bread
  • White pasta
  • White rice
  • Cakes
  • Cookies
  • Candy
  • Ice cream
  • Non-diet sodas
  • Sugar cereals
  • Sweetened drinks
  • Whole wheat bread
  • Brown rice
  • Starchy vegetables
  • Fruit
  • Beans
  • Lentils
  • Quinoa
  • Oats
  • Sweet potatoes
  • Chia seeds
Avoid or limit intake of foods high in sodium as these foods may lead to high blood pressure.

Examples of high sodium foods include salty snacks, fast food, pickles, and gravies.

Low sodium foods include whole foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables, unsalted foods or snacks, herbs and spices.

Consume healthy fats such as foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids.

Examples of fgood sources of unsaturated fatty acids include fish, nuts and seeds.

Avoid or limit intake foods high in saturated fats such as processed meat, cheese, and fatty meat.

Avoid or limit sugar sweetened beverages such as canned drinks or carbonated drinks.

These beverages add to your total calorie intake and lead to increased blood glucose levels.

People with T2DM can opt for unsweetened coffee or tea.

Avoid or limit alcohol drinks and cigarettes smoking.
Lead an active lifestyle by doing exercises.

Perform moderate-intensity exercises such as cycling less than 20km/hour, water aerobics, mowing the lawn, actively playing with children for 150 minutes per week.

Perform for at least 90 minutes per week vigorous exercise such as race walking, hiking uphill, aerobics, swimming, and cycling uphill.

Additionally, aim for at least 2 sessions per week of muscle strengthening exercises such as push-ups, squats and abdominal crunches.

Consult a healthcare professional on the appropriate types and frequency of exercise. as some individuals may need personalized exercise regime—especially the older adults, elderly and those with chronic conditions.

It is also recommended to check blood glucose levels before engaging in vigorous exercise regimes.

Consume adequate fluids to maintain good hydration status during exercise.

OTHER USEFUL TIPS
Monitoring carbohydrates intake is essential.

A dietitian can provide guidance on estimating carbohydrates intake through techniques such as carbohydrates counting or maintaining a food diary. These approaches enable people with T2DM to understand how different foods impact their blood sugar levels. It is important to pair carbohydrates counting with the blood glucose levels and medication intake.

Always monitor at home the blood sugar level for those who are at risk of hypo- or hyperglycaemia, using a blood glucose meter.

Self-monitoring of blood glucose level is important to ensure blood glucose stays within the recommended levels and it helps to prevent hypo- or hypoglycemia.

It can be done in a fasting state before and/or 2 hours after a meal.

People with T2DM should adhere to anti-diabetic medications dosage intake and insulin injection regimen to help improve blood glucose control.

Always seek guidance from healthcare professionals to manage your diabetes effectively.

Keeping a close watch on overall carbohydrates and sugar consumption remains a fundamental strategy for achieving optimal blood sugar control in people with T2DM.

Besides, people with T2DM should possess awareness and understanding of all the recommendations and guidelines provided by their healthcare professionals.

References:

  1. CPG Secretariat, Health Technology Assessment Section. (2020). Clinical practice guidelines: Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (6th ed.). Ministry of Health Malaysia. https://www2.moh.gov.my/moh/resources/Penerbitan/CPG/Endocrine/CPG_T2DM_6th_Edition_2020_13042021.pdf
  2. Nasir, B.M., Abd. Aziz A., Abdullah, M.R., & Mohd Noor, N. (2012). Waist height ratio compared to body mass index and waist circumference in relation to glycemic control in Malay type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. International journal of collaborative research on internal medicine & public health (IJCRIMPH), 4, 406. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281629114_Waist_height_ratio_compared_to_body_mass_index_and_waist_circumference_in_relation_to_glycemic_control_in_Malay_type_2_diabetes_mellitus_patients_Hospital_Universiti_Sains_Malaysia
  3. Bener, A., Zirie, M., & Al-Rikabi, A. (2005). Genetics, obesity, and environmental risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes. Croatian medical journal, 46(2), 302–307.
  4. Ganasegeran, K., Hor, C. P., Jamil, M. F. A., Loh, H. C., Noor, J. M., Hamid, N. A., Suppiah, P. D., Abdul Manaf, M. R., Ch’ng, A. S. H., & Looi, I. (2020). A systematic review of the economic burden of type 2 diabetes in Malaysia. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(16), 5723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165723
  5. Gardner, C. D., Trepanowski, J. F., Del Gobbo, L. C., Hauser, M. E., Rigdon, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Desai, M., & King, A. C. (2018). Effect of low-fat vs low-carbohydrate diet on 12-month weight loss in overweight adults and the association with genotype pattern or insulin secretion: The DIETFITS randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 319(7), 667–679. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0245
  6. Kojta, I., Chacińska, M., & Błachnio-Zabielska, A. (2020). Obesity, bioactive lipids, and adipose tissue inflammation in insulin resistance. Nutrients, 12(5), 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051305
  7. Feisul, I. M., Azmi, S., Mohd Rizal, A. M., Zanariah, H., Nik Mahir, N. J., Fatanah, I., Aizuddin, A. N., & Goh, A. (2017). What are the direct medical costs of managing type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysia?. The medical journal of Malaysia, 72(5), 271–277.
  8. Shafie, A., & Ng, C.H. (2020). Estimating the costs of managing complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysia. Malaysian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 18, 15-32. 10.21315/mjps2020.18.2.2
  9. Goossens G. H. (2008). The role of adipose tissue dysfunction in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance. Physiology & behavior, 94(2), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.10.010
  10. Parker, E. D., Lin, J., Mahoney, T., Ume, N., Yang, G., Gabbay, R. A., ElSayed, N. A., & Bannuru, R. R. (2024). Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2022. Diabetes care, 47(1), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci23-0085

New Year, Healthier You? An Expert Shares a Health Screening Strategy to Help You Get Started

WORDS LIM TECK CHOON

FEATURED EXPERT
DR MURALITHARAN GANESALINGAM
Head of Department
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
School of Medicine
International Medical University (IMU)
FIRST, LET’S REFLECT: DO YOU NEED HEALTH SCREENING? 

Health screening benefits us, even when we believe and feel that we are healthy.

Dr Muralitharan Ganesalingam tells us: “The goal of screening tests is to detect changes in the body before they become unmanageable. In this way, you have the chance to modify your lifestyle and steer away from a particular illness.”

GO FOR HEALTH SCREENING FROM EARLY ADULTHOOD (SUCH AS WHEN YOU START WORKING) AND DO IT TWICE A YEAR AFTER YOU TURN 45

As Dr Murali puts it:

  • Generally, women between 19-24 years of age are considered to be at the peak of health.
  • From the age of 25, fat begins to accumulate, especially in the hips, thighs and abdomen, while muscle mass deteriorates.
  • From the age of 35, bone mass depletes at a rate of 0.5% to 1% each year.

There will be variations to this trend, as people are difference and hence their bodies age differently too. However, these changes with ageing prompt the recommendation given by Dr Murali, as health screening can help in detecting early the health issues that can arise alongside these changes.

Furthermore, health screening can be helpful in detecting the development of certain diseases that may not show obvious symptoms at the early stage.

PRIORITISE THESE HEALTH SCREENING TESTS
  • Blood pressure to check for hypertension. “This disease, known as the ‘silent killer’, progresses without noticeable symptoms and affects 3 in 10 Malaysians (approximately 6.4 million people), and increases the risk of stroke and heart attack,” explains Dr Murali.
  • Blood count to detect conditions like anaemia. On average, anaemia affects 3 in 10 women aged 15 to 49 years and can cause complications during pregnancy such as miscarriage and premature birth.
  • Blood glucose test to check for diabetes.
  • Body mass index (BMI) to monitor weight gain and help prevent obesity. Dr Murali points out that our national statistics show that 1 in 2 adults are overweight or obese, and 1 in 2 have abdominal obesity, of which women accounted for 54.7% and 64.8% respectively.
  • Lipids test to check for elevated levels of cholesterol, which can lead to heart disease. Around 4 in 10 Malaysians, approximately 8 million people, have raised cholesterol levels, with women being more likely to have higher levels than men. In spite of this, 1 in 4 people are unaware they have high cholesterol.
  • Kidney function and liver profile, as chronic kidney disease affects 1 in 7 Malaysians, and diabetes is a significant risk factor for this disease.

Dr Murali also recommends going for annual eye checks, hearing tests, and dental check-ups as we age.

Just for women
  • Pap smears to check for cervical cancer. “Because we have an efficient screening programme through the use of Pap smears, we have been able to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer substantially,” says Dr Murali. “It is the most significant advancement in the control of cancer, hence annual screening for cervical cancer is something I emphatically encourage.”
  • Breast examinations (see below) to check for breast cancer. Dr Murali points out that it is essential for all women to be disciplined about performing their own breast examinations as well as to go for an annual check by a doctor, who will advise if a mammogram is needed.
  • Bone mineral density scans to detect osteoporosis. Dr Murali explains that one’s bone mineral density decreases with age and the risk of fractures increases, hence postmenopausal women 50 years and older should be screened. “Women aged 65 years and older should be screened at least once a year, according to Malaysian guidelines,” he adds.

An overview of how to perform breast self-examination at home. Click on the image for a larger, clearer version. If you are unsure or you have concerns, you can consult your doctor for more information.

FINAL ADVICE

“It is important for you to speak to your regular doctor about any health concerns and discuss what health screenings may be beneficial for you, based on your age, lifestyle and family history,” Dr Murali emphasizes.

Ever Wondered Why Vaccines Still Need to Be Injected into Your Body? Get the Answer from a Paediatrician!

WORDS DR DATIN CLARENCE KAVETHA A/P S.S. DANIEL

FEATURED EXPERT
DR DATIN CLARENCE KAVETHA A/P S. S. DANIEL
Consultant Paediatrician, IMU Healthcare
and Lecturer, School of Medicine, International Medical University

Injections can be scary for both adults and children population in general. So why do we still do it?

WHY ARE THE MAJORITY OF VACCINES STILL GIVEN VIA INJECTIONS?

This is mainly because, by injecting directly into the muscle, the vaccines produce a good immune response and certainly provide adequate protection.

Many studies on needle-based vaccinations have demonstrated that these vaccines have good efficacy and high safety levels.

Furthermore, the World Health Organization (WHO) have set standards for vaccine administration, and needle-based vaccination is accepted by most countries and has become a standard practice.

INJECTIONS DON’T HAVE TO HURT (MUCH)!

There are certain vaccines that can be given into the skin instead of the muscle, hence they can be less painful.

This method uses a shorter and thinner needle, so it can also be less intimidating as well to some people.

ARE THERE ANY NEEDLE-FREE ALTERNATIVES TO RECEIVING VACCINES?

There are a few alternative vaccines that do not involve needles. All said, the choice of vaccine delivery still depends on the vaccine characteristics and the targeted disease.

Some needle-free alternatives include oral vaccines in the form of liquid or tablet for diseases like polio and cholera. However, some vaccines are not stable when given orally, mainly because the digestive enzymes in our stomach make it very challenging for most vaccines to work.

Nasal vaccines are also available for certain infections such as the flu—these vaccines are sprayed into the nose.

Having said all of these, I should point out that there is still ongoing research and development to produce alternative vaccine delivery methods that would be less painful and easier to administer.

SCARED OF NEEDLES? DON’T LET YOUR FEAR KEEP YOU FROM GETTING YOUR SHOTS
  • Bring a close friend or family member along with you.
  • Tell the staff that will administer the shot that you’re afraid of needles. Most of them will understand and do their best to soothe your anxiety.
  • Don’t look at the needle going into your arm. Distract yourself by looking at something else or chatting with the staff or your companion.
  •  If your nerves are getting the better of you, take deep breaths and slowly count to 10.

Curious about Traditional Chinese Medicine? Get the Details from an Expert

WORDS DR ONG SIEW SIEW

FEATURED EXPERT
DR ONG SIEW SIEW
Clinician-in-Charge and Senior Chinese Medicine Practitioner
Chinese Medicine Centre
IMU Healthcare
YES, TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE IS LEGITIMATE  

Traditional Chinese medicine, often abbreviated as TCM, is a legitimate practice recognized the Ministry of Health Malaysia.

Indeed, under the Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM) Act 2016 [Act 775], the TCM industry is going through an important transition towards greater uniformity and credibility among the practitioner community and the services they offer.

TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE USES DIFFERENT PRINCIPLES FROM WESTERN MEDICINE

The foundation of traditional Chinese medicine is this belief that every person has a unique body constitution pattern, signifying the intricate equilibrium of opposing elements.

These opposing elements must co-exist harmoniously for a person to be in good health.

Traditional Chinese medicine aims to restore this equilibrium and regulate the body’s dynamic energy, which can be affected by various factors such as diet, stress, chronic illnesses, and more.

TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE PRACTITIONERS CAN HELP WITH MANY AILMENTS

For example, they can help to relieve chronic pain, support the immune system, improve sleep quality, and much more. Some practitioners also specialize in certain areas of health such as the heart, lungs, digestion or the reproductive system.

Two patients with a similar ailment may receive different therapies because each of them presents a unique imbalance that requires rectification.

As the treatment evolves and the patient’s constitution undergoes changes, the prescription and treatment may require modification. Therefore, it is highly advisable to maintain continuity of treatment with the same practitioner, who can closely monitor your progress.

WHILE THEY ARE FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT, WESTERN & TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE CAN GO HAND IN HAND

This is as long as both parties are well-informed.

It’s essential to take any oral medications from the two disciplines at least 4 hours apart to minimize the risk of interactions.

In contrast, for external treatments such as acupuncture, cupping or moxibustion, the likelihood of unwanted interactions is minimal.

TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE IS NOT SPIRITUAL OR RELIGIOUS 

Many people of different backgrounds seek help from TCM practitioners.

Indeed, for your first visit, it will be similar to any other medical appointment. The practitioner will take note of your medical history and perform some diagnostic techniques to check the body’s constitution.

It can be helpful to bring along medical records such as blood test results and any imagings like scans or X-rays to provide more background.

You can also list out your medications and supplements and discuss your daily routines and lifestyle.

All this information will help the practitioner to understand more about you and your needs, so that an effective treatment plan can be formulated.

In this way, a TCM practitioner assesses a patient’s condition using traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic principles and utilizes a personalized combination of treatment methods. These are all grounded in scientific and non-spiritual principles to address any imbalances in the body.

ALWAYS LOOK FOR A REGISTERED TCM PRACTITIONER

From March 2024, all licensed TCM practitioners will be registered with the T&CM Council and issued an Annual Practising Certificate (APC). This will make it easy to verify the authenticity of a registered TCM practitioner.

A Chiropractic Lecturer Explains the ‘STOP’ Principle to Manage Back Pain

WORDS LIM TECK CHOON

FEATURED EXPERT
JANICE CHAN VEY LIAN
Deputy Director
Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
International Medical University (IMU)

In conjunction with World Spine Day on October 16, Janice Chan Vey Lian shares some helpful tips on how to put a ‘STOP’ to back pain.

S IS FOR: SIT UP STRAIGHT AND STRETCH

“The main factors responsible for back pain are poor posture and lifestyle habits,” says Janice, adding that most people don’t pay attention to their posture as they carry out their daily tasks.

“As simple as it sounds, sitting up straight and stretching regularly can help,” she further says.

Adopting a proper posture to lift items can help reduce the incidences of back pain.
T IS FOR: TAKE A BREAK

For this, Janice advises us to set scheduled reminders on our phone or other devices, so that we will remember to get up and move our spine, such as by stretching as mentioned earlier.

Yoga can help give the spine a good workout.
O IS FOR: ORGANIZE
  • Adjust the height of your computer screen to eye level using books or sturdy boxes.
  • Enlarge the view and brightness of your screen so you can see and read without having to lean forward.
  • Use a chair with good back support, placed at a height that allows your feet to rest flat on the floor with knees bent at a 90-degree angle.
  • Use a stool to avoid squatting while gardening or bathing babies.
  • Place needed items within easy reach to minimize bending and/or twisting at the waist. For example, parents can sit on the bed to change their children’s diapers instead of standing and bending over at the waist.
  • Manage heavy loads by packing lightly and/or using a bag made of a lighter material.
  • Distribute weight evenly. As a general rule, carry less than 10% of our body weight, evenly distributed across both shoulders. Backpacks, when worn properly, allow both shoulders to bear the weight or switch sides regularly when carrying a handbag or tote.
  • Carry smaller or lighter loads and make several trips rather than lifting one large, heavy load.
  • Use the correct posture. Lift using your knees, place frequently used items as close to you as possible, and place heavy items on higher levels.
  • Learn proper fitness and exercise techniques by enlisting the help of a trainer. If needed, ask their advice on how to modify your workout to prevent strain or injury.
P IS FOR PROFESSIONAL HELP

“Many people see a chiropractor when they have problems like scoliosis and back pain,” Janice shares.

She adds: “We help to identify likely problems and recommend ways to improve spine health. These may include alignment of the spine, helping to improve your range of movement, optimizing the way you perform your daily tasks, or changing the way your working space is organized to reduce overall strain on your body and prevent injury.”

Is there a difference between a chiropractor and a physiotherapist?

Janice explains that chiropractors focus more on musculoskeletal problems, while physiotherapists are more often involved in rehabilitation and training.

Both of these practices may also function concurrently, depending on the needs of the patient.

To find a chiropractor

Janice recommends seeking those that are registered and recognized by the Ministry of Health Malaysia.

All licensed practitioners will soon be listed on the official portal of the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Division.

An Associate Professor Shares How the Role of the Pharmacist Has Evolved Over the Years

WORDS LIM TECK CHOON

FEATURED EXPERT
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR WONG PEI SE
School of Pharmacy
International Medical University (IMU)

This year, the theme of the World Pharmacists’ Day is Pharmacy strengthening health systems. In light of this, we’re pleased to have Dr Wong Pei Se joining us to share her thoughts on the role of community pharmacists in our healthcare system.

MALAYSIANS ARE CONSULTING PHARMACISTS MORE THEN EVER

In 2015, the National Survey on the Use of Medicines (NSUM) found that only 5% of the respondents would consult a pharmacist on health problems.

Just 6 years later, in 2021, it was reported that Malaysians on average visited community pharmacies 31 times a year. This is comparable to the average in developed countries such as Australia, the US, and the UK!

This could be spurred by the growing awareness of the role of a pharmacist as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. That was when people began to rely more on their pharmacist for information and guidance on the use of medications, sanitizers, masks, and more to stay safe and healthy during the pandemic.

Even then, many Malaysians may still overlook how the pharmacist behind the counter can be a reliable first stop for medical and general health advice, beyond the scope of the pandemic.

GUIDANCE & EDUCATION ON GENERAL MINOR AILMENTS

“Community pharmacists can help manage minor ailments, give advice and help to educate the public on different aspects of ailments and treatments available,” says Dr Wong Pei Se.

She adds, “Pharmacists are also able to guide customers onto the right medical path – when you are not sure whether you need to see a doctor, or even which doctor you need to see.”

THE BIGGEST ROLE OF A PHARMACIST

No, it’s not to sell medications and over-the-counter products!

The biggest role a pharmacist can play in their community is to support healthy living and self-care in that particular community. They are in an optimal position to help members of the community prevent or reduce their risk of illnesses as well as to stay healthy through basic health advice on exercise regimes, good nutrition, and health supplements.

Dr Wong explains further: “We want to intervene before people get a heart attack, before a stroke, before diabetes leads to kidney problems. These are things that we can manage at the community level so that people don’t end up going to the hospital.”

To that end, many pharmacies provide screening and monitoring services for blood pressure, sugar and cholesterol levels.

Although there are many devices that can be used at home, this service is an alternative for those who are not willing to invest in a device or who are just not comfortable self-administering these tests.

The availability of these services is convenient for people that are unable or unwilling to make a trip to a hospital or clinic.

People also don’t have to delay their monitoring for months as they wait for their follow-up appointments at a clinic or hospital.

CONVENIENCE & ACCESS

Ultimately, people find pharmacies easily accessible and hence very convenient. After all, as Dr Wong shares, there were over 3,000 pharmacies in Malaysia—you can find 1 every 5 to 10 km in urban areas.

Furthermore, there is hardly any need to for registrations or making an appointment in advance.

“The consultation is free when you just need to ask a few questions, or if you are unsure of the medical severity of your condition; these are factors that make a big difference,” says Dr Wong.

As an example, Dr Wong brings up that many people with skin problems such as acne are more likely to visit a pharmacy first. In such a situation, the pharmacist can guide these people through the many options of skincare available and also advise them to visit a doctor if the situation warranted it.

“Pharmacists have become a very accessible primary care service provider,” says Dr Wong. “When clinics are overcrowded and when there is an unexpected burden on the system, pharmacies can help to optimize a healthcare system.”

SO, WHAT’S IN THE FUTURE FOR PHARMACISTS IN MALAYSIA?

In the past few years, digital platforms have been pushed to the fore by the pandemic and pharmacies have not been left out of this technological leap.

“During the lockdowns, pharmacies started doing deliveries and digital health platforms became a very common communication method,” says Dr Wong.

During the pandemic, it was common for long-time customers of a pharmacy to send messages over WhatsApp to ask for advice as well as to place orders products ahead of time for convenient pick-ups or deliveries. This trend continues beyond COVID-19 and has contributed further to the convenience of the consumer.

On a bigger scale, personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics are trends that are moving the industry forward.

Personalized medicine allows for a patient’s treatment to be tailored to their unique genetic makeup, lifestyles and health conditions. Therefore, such treatment is optimized to be most effective and appropriate for them as each individual.

Pharmacogenomics looks into how one’s individual genetics affect the effectiveness of medicine. “It studies how our different genetics will affect how and when you should take a particular medicine, how it is absorbed into your body, how it interacts with your body, the side effects that you may have,” explains Dr Wong.

However, pharmacogenomics is not something that can be done across the board, as pharmacogenomic tests are costly and are available only for certain treatments, for example cancer.

CHALLENGES IN THE WAY INTO THE FUTURE

The perception of certain members of the public can be a significant hurdle that pharmacists will need to overcome.

“The pharmacy is seen as a business. There is a perception that pharmacists only want to sell their products: People feel that the more I talk to you, the more you will want to sell me things,” Dr Wong explains as a reason as to why some people still remain reluctant to engage a pharmacist.

Privacy is also a big issue. Unlike at the clinic, a pharmacy doesn’t have private consultation rooms. This could hinder people from asking more personal issues. “If you have a very private question and you see ten people ahead of you, you probably wouldn’t want to ask it,” muses Dr Wong.

Nonetheless, Dr Wong reiterates that the community pharmacist still holds a unique position of being part of the community. Being privy to certain lifestyles and habits of the neighbourhood, the pharmacist has unique insight on the community as well as the opportunity to build relationships and walk together with their customers not just through sickness, but in health.

IMU Professor Shares How Evolving Role of Pharmacists Can Lead to Better Medicine Safety

WORDS PROFESSOR ONG CHIN ENG

FEATURED EXPERT
PROFESSOR ONG CHIN ENG
Dean of School of Pharmacy
International Medical University (IMU)
UNSAFE MEDICATION PRACTICES AND MEDICATION ERRORS A LEADING CAUSE OF INJURY AND AVOIDABLE HARM 

Globally, the cost associated with medication errors has been estimated at USD42 billion every year.

Furthermore, throughout the world each year, adverse drug events—harm resulting from medication use —cause billions of visits to hospital emergency departments.

LEARNING ABOUT MEDICATION SAFETY CAN REDUCE AND EVEN PREVENT THE RISK OF HARM FOR YOU AND YOUR LOVED ONES

Errors can occur at different stages of the medication use process. These include but not limited to patient receipt of the incorrect prescription (such as receiving the wrong drug or the correct drug but at the wrong dosage), harmful drug-to-drug interactions, errors in the drug preparation or delivery, and inappropriate or overprescribing of certain drug groups such as opioids.

Medication errors can also occur as a result of weak medication systems and/or human factors such as fatigue, poor environmental conditions or staff shortages. These issues can affect prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administration and monitoring practices, which can then result in severe harm, disability and even death.

ENSURING THE SAFE PRESCRIBING AND DISPENSING OF MEDICATION TO PATIENTS

In conjunction with World Pharmacist Day on 25 September, it is a timely reminder to the pivotal role of this healthcare provider in safeguarding the proper and safe use of medicines.

Pharmacists ensure that patients not only get the correct medication and dosing, but that they have the guidance they need to use the medication safely and effectively.

However, as healthcare providers with expertise and focus on medications, there is an opportunity for the pharmacists to expand their role as patient safety leaders, working with patients and other providers to improve patient care outcomes and prevent medication errors.

While traditionally pharmacists have been perceived as ‘behind the glass’ dispensing medications, in the changing healthcare landscape they are increasingly seen as critical partners in the multi-disciplinary care team addressing complex patient needs.

Particularly in response to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, there are some clear opportunities for hospital and community pharmacists to assume a greater role in pressing patient safety issues, access to medications, medication adherence, readmission reductions, and medication safety.

Pharmacists have a unique expertise and knowledge base that can support improvements in medication error rates and play a critical role in the reporting process, such as providing appropriate feedback to providers. This may result in improved prescribing practices and greater teamwork as well as improving pharmacist confidence and feeling of self-worth in the care team.

ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP (AMS) PROGRAMMES

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health threat and inappropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals), has further aggravated the resistance.

Pharmacists have an important role within AMS programmes, including developing and managing antimicrobial guidelines; reviewing individual patient regimens to optimize therapy; educating healthcare staff on the appropriate use of antimicrobials; and monitoring and auditing outcomes.

Pharmacists are central to the delivery of education on stewardship to healthcare professionals, patients and members of the public. Pharmacists are also key healthcare educators in the community, as they are often the first point of contact for the public and have a responsibility to be a source of information and education on antimicrobial use and resistance.

AMS programmes have been proven effective at improving clinical outcomes, reducing adverse events, and reducing resistance. Given the success of the AMS model, pharmacist role in other medication stewardship programmes may increase.

PHARMACISTS OFFER UNIQUE SKILLSETS TO ADVANCE PAIN AND OPIOID STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMMES

Other therapeutic areas, such as glycaemic control and thrombotics, may also be suitable targets for future programmes.

As evidence continues to demonstrate the success of stewardship programs, medication stewardship could become a central aspect of the pharmacists’ role in ensuring patient safety.

COUNSELING SERVICES AND COMMUNICATION ON POTENTIALLY UNSAFE MEDICATION COMBINATIONS

Increasing medication reconciliation by the community pharmacist following hospital discharge has the potential to reduce adverse events, reduce patient hospital readmissions, and even reduce the risk of death.

PROVISION OF LONG-TERM CARE

From a healthcare policy and care delivery standpoint, there is an ever-increasing focus on providing long-term care as a means of increasing the quality and safety of care. As patient care delivery evolves from episodic to longitudinal, organizations will restructure to care for patients across the continuum.

This evolution will reinforce the need for team-based care to ensure care coordination, patient safety, and optimal patient outcomes. Pharmacists play a great role in supporting a transition to longitudinal patient care and can serve to enhance pharmacist patient safety services.

Central to this longitudinal care is the home medication review (HMR) process. The intent of the HMR is to support the quality use of medicines and assist minimizing adverse drug events by helping patients to better understand and manage their medicines through a medication review conducted by a pharmacist in the home.

An HMR is a collaborative process between the referring doctor (referrer), pharmacist, patient, and where appropriate, a carer.

Currently, there are 3 HMR services provided by Malaysian government hospitals and health clinics, namely neurology/stroke, psychiatry, and geriatrics.

During the HMR interview process, the pharmacist will aim to improve the patient’s understanding of the medicines.

After the initial interview, the pharmacist will produce a HMR report that outlines the findings. This report aims to improve the referrer’s understanding of how the patient is using the medicines and provide recommendations that will assist the referrer and patient in developing a medication management plan.

If clinically indicated, up to two follow-up services can be conducted, with a focus on the resolution of medication-related problems identified at the initial interview.

DIGITAL HEALTH & TELEPHARMACY

Digital health and telepharmacy have gained increasing importance in the delivery of health care, largely due to COVID-19 pandemic.

There are some innovative models of telepharmacy services aimed at optimizing and improving access to pharmacy care, resulting in improved patient safety and outcomes.

Such innovative technology improves access and affordability for consumers, breaks down geographical barriers to accessing pharmacy services and medicines, and empowers pharmacists to manage medication risks for consumers.

The use of digital health records, electronic prescriptions, and real-time prescription monitoring, for example, provides ample opportunities for pharmacists to ensure the safe and quality use of medicines.

THE FUTURE

As the topic of medication error is continually pushed to the forefront of patient safety initiatives, the role of pharmacists will continue to evolve. This will broaden the opportunities pharmacists have to become integral change makers in the reduction of adverse events and improvement of healthcare safety.

IMU Opens the First Free Student-Led Dietetics & Wellness Clinic in Malaysia

WORDS LIM TECK CHOON

The International Medical University (IMU) recently opened the doors of the IMU Student Dietetics and Wellness Clinic. It had its official launch on 19 September 2023.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE LAUNCH

HealthToday had the opportunity to meet the staff of the clinic as well as Professor Dr Winnie Chee, the Pro Vice-Chancellor Academic of IMU, to find out more about the clinic.

We are greatly indebted to them for their time and their willingness to provide answers to the following questions!

WHAT SERVICES ARE AVAILABLE AT THE CLINIC?

It offers many services comparable to other dietetics clinics. However, the clinic offers these services free of charge.

Individualized Meal Planning

It can be challenging to navigate through various foods to plan the right meals for one’s optimal health and maintenance of one’s ideal body weight.

 The staff of this clinic can meet with an individual and their loved ones to help design personalized daily meals based on the individual’s health status, their food preferences, and other factors.

Given that a healthy, balanced diet is key to good management of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and more, this service will be especially helpful to those with these conditions.

YOU MAY FIND INIVIDUALIZED MEAL PLANNING HELPFUL IF YOU HAVE THE FOLLOWING:
  • Overweight or obesity
  • Gout
  • Diabetes
  • High blood pressure
  • High blood cholesterol
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Anaemia
  • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • Chronic or long-term gastritis
Body Composition Analyzer

This is a series of non-invasive tests to measure a person’s fat mass and muscle mass.

These tests are also a good way to find out whether the person is at risk of not getting enough nutrients to maintain good health and proper functioning of the body (malnutrition).

A student dietitian can advise the individual accordingly based on the test results.

To register for your free session, click here. The link opens in a new tab.

Public Talks and Workshops

Members of the public can attend educational talks, cooking demonstrations, and more—free, of course!

They can follow the social media of the clinic (see below) to stay updated on upcoming talks and other public events.

WHERE IS THIS CLINIC?

It’s located at the International Medical University building at the following address:

Student Dietetics & Wellness Clinic
Level LG at the International Medical University
126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa
57000 Bukit Jalil
Kuala Lumpur

Opening hours: Monday to Thursday, 10.00 am to 4.00 pm during the final year dietetics practicum semesters.
Check the social media of the clinic (see below) for the latest updates.

Find the clinic on Google Maps

Do I Have to Travel to the Clinic Personally to Obtain Its Services?

Since the clinic has just opened its doors, for the time being only face-to-face consultation is available.

There are plans for telehealth services in the future, however. Interested parties can follow the social media of this clinic (see below) for future updates.

SO, IT’S A CLINIC STAFFED BY STUDENTS?

Yes, it’s a student-led diet clinic is a clinic managed and run by final year dietetics students.

These students are supervised by registered dietitians that are part of the IMU staff and they work in close collaboration with the public and communities in the surrounding area in Bukit Jalil and beyond.

Professor Dr Winnie Chee proudly tells us that while the clinic was conceptualized by the IMU School of Health Sciences, the enthusiastic students were responsible for all the planning, resources, programmes, and marketing of the services, as well as quality monitoring and management of the day-to-day operations of the clinic.

Wait, So Are These Students ‘Real’ Dietitians?

Don’t worry, these are final year dietetic students under the Bachelor of Science (Hons) Dietetics with Nutrition programme under the School of Health Sciences at IMU.

Therefore, they possess the necessary knowledge to help their clients.

What they lack is real world experience, which will be provided by this clinic. It will give these students training and experience on how to set up and manage a dietetics clinic as well as to instill in them an entrepreneurial mindset—thus making them more well-rounded dietitians when they graduate!

Throughout it all, every session will be supervised by a clinical educator, who is a registered dietitian.

If a medical emergency were to occur, the person will be directed to relevant healthcare professionals at IMU Health that are just nearby.

Hence, you don’t have to worry about receiving ‘inferior’ advice and help from this clinic!

HOW DO I MAKE AN APPOINTMENT?

Just fill in the online form found on their Facebook page.

HOW LONG IS EACH SESSION?

It can vary on a case-by-case basis.

Typically, the first session may take up to 1 hour. During this session, you may be asked to go through some simple, non-invasive tests and be asked about your medical history, current dietary preferences, etc.

Subsequent sessions—also free—may take about 30 minutes. The clinic will follow-up with you during these sessions to monitor your progress. If you’re having difficulties following your new meal plan, the staff will offer advice and help to get you back on track.

STAY CONNECTED WITH THE CLINIC
Facebook | Instagram

First Large-Scale Diabetes Cohort Study Launched in Malaysia

WORDS LIM TECK CHOON

On 10 July 2023, the Seremban Diabetes (SeDia) Cohort Study, was officially launched by Duli Yang Maha Mulia Yang Di Pertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Muhriz ibni Almarhum Tuanku Munawir in Seremban.

PURPOSE OF THE SeDia COHORT STUDY

This study was launched to holistically explore all the factors involved in the development of diabetes as well as the complications experienced by people with diabetes in this country.

THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY

The genesis of the SeDia Cohort Story began on 17 May 2022 when the Ministry of Health Malaysia and the International Medical University signed a memorandum of understanding for the establishment of this study.

The research protocol of the study received the approval of the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC) on 17 March 2023.

OVER 12,000 PARTICIPANTS SIGNED UP TO AID INVESTIGATION

This SeDia Cohort Study will cover a period of 12 years.

The first important step now is to obtain data that is socio-culturally relevant to the local community. So far, over 5,000 patients and over 7,000 of their family members have voluntarily registered as part of the Diabetes Registry of Klinik Kesihatan Seremban.

The investigators will use digital systems and data infrastructure to collect these participants’ personal and medical information.

Blood samples will also be obtained from these participants for genetic profiling, to study individual predisposition to diabetes and, for people with diabetes, their predisposition to complications and response to medications as well as physical and dietary interventions.

These participants will be followed regularly, with the process of data collection conducted every 3 years over the next 12 years.

Additionally, details of the participants’ life events, such as hospital admission and deaths, will be collected and updated every year.

STUDY HOPES TO IMPROVE DIABETES PREVENTION & MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA

Using the data obtained from these participants, the investigators will study and analyze the complex web of factors that contribute to the development of diabetes and its complications.

These factors include genetics and family history of diabetes to lifestyle and environmental factors, dietary regimes, physical activity, socio-economic levels, and healthcare delivery.

The investigators believe that the understanding of these complex factors and the connection between them would enable us to uncover optimal strategies for diabetes prevention and treatment.

Such strategies would enable implementation of evidence-based policies and programmes to address the escalating burden of diabetes in Malaysia.

ACCESS WILL BE GRANTED TO LOCAL & INTERNATIONAL RESEARCHERS

To establish the SeDia Cohort as a study of national significance, local and international researchers will be granted access to SeDia Cohort to conduct further analysis and studies, subject to approval of the MREC.

FUNDING INFORMATION

The SeDia Cohort study will be funded through public funds, which includes contributions from corporations and individuals.

Here’s EVERYTHING That Mom and Dad Should Know About Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease

WORDS LIM TECK CHOON

FEATURED EXPERT
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR ERWIN J KHOO
Consultant Paediatrician and Head of Paediatrics Department
International Medical University (IMU)
WHY KIDS ARE VULNERABLE TO HAND, FOOT, AND MOUTH DISEASE

It’s hard to avoid hand, foot, and mouth disease recently, as it’s either affecting children in the country or appearing in the news.

Simply put, young kids are at risk of catching this disease because they are active, mobile, and curious.

According to Associate Professor Dr Erwin Khoo, toddlers tend to have a messy habit of touching and putting everything they come across into their mouths. This puts them at risk of the disease.

THE CULPRITS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DISEASE

That will be viruses, the most common ones being Coxsackie A16 and Enterovirus 71.

According to Dr Erwin:

  • These viruses can be found in the respiratory tract and faeces, as well as in the fluid-filled blisters that form on the hands and feet of someone with hand, foot, and mouth disease.
  • The usual incubation period—the time period from infection to the first appearances of symptoms— is between 3 and 7 days, but it can also be and can go up to 2 weeks.
  • The virus can remain contagious for several days, even when it’s on hard surfaces.
  • As a result, the virus can spread easily amongst those in close contact with the infected child. One can also catch the virus from touching toys, eating utensils, and other objects that had been handled by the infected child.
  • One can also catch the virus from not properly washing their hands after performing routine childcare tasks on the infected child, such as changing diapers.
COMMON SYMPTOMS OF HAND, FOOT, AND MOUTH DISEASE
  • Fever
  • Sores around the mouth
  • Rashes
Rashes on the feet. Click for larger, clearer image.

Widespread rashes across the body are commonly seen on children with this disease, which may lead some people to confuse it with chickenpox.

Dr Erwin shares that unlike chickenpox, however, the rashes of a child with hand, foot, and mouth disease typically form at the hands and feet (hence the name of the disease) as well as sometimes on the knees, elbows, and buttocks.

IT CAN ALSO AFFECT ADULTS

This disease commonly affects children under the age of 6, but adults can also get infected and develop the disease.

Research has suggested that adults usually experience milder symptoms when compared to children.

Hence, it is possible for adults to pass the virus on to children under their care.

ONE CAN GET THIS DISEASE MORE THAN ONCE

Dr Erwin explains that this is because there are different strains of viruses that cause this disease. Because of this, any immunity developed by the body after an infection is only temporary.

HOW IS HAND, FOOT, AND MOUTH DISEASE TREATED?

“There is no cure or specific treatment for this disease,” Dr Erwin shares.

Currently, treatment revolves around managing the symptoms and making the child as comfortable as possible.

Dr Erwin points out that the disease typically goes away on its own between 7 and 10 days.

OKAY, BUT CAN WE PREVENT THE DISEASE FROM AFFECTING US OR OUR CHILDREN, THEN?

Unfortunately, we currently have no means to fully prevent hand, foot, and mouth disease from happening to us or our children.

SOMEONE AT HOME HAS THIS DISEASE. WHAT SHOULD WE DO?

Dr Erwin advises the following:

  • Be extra careful and limit contact with the infected individual.
  • Practice good hand hygiene. Wash or disinfect hands regularly, especially after caring for an infected child. It’s also good to wipe down common areas, such as the living and dining areas, as well as commonly handled objects such as toys, doorknobs, etc with disinfectant.
  • Don’t share food and eating utensils.
  • Avoid touching the eyes or nose.

Do the above up to 10 days after the infected individual started showing symptoms.

If your child is confirmed by a doctor to have hand, foot, and mouth disease, it is prudent to have the child stay at home to avoid passing the infection on to others.

WHAT CAN PARENTS DO TO HELP PROVIDE THE BEST TLC TO A CHILD WITH HAND, FOOT, AND MOUTH DISEASE?

Dr Erwin advises the following:

  • The paediatrician will prescribe appropriate medications for fever, pain relief, and reduction of inflammation of mouth ulcers. Parents wishing to use medications outside of the doctor’s prescription should consult the paediatrician first.
  • Give the child easy-to-swallow foods, such as soups and porridges.
  • Have the child drink plenty of fluids to avoid getting dehydrated. Offer them their favourite drinks or juices.
  • For painful mouth ulcers, consider using cold treats such as ice cream, jelly, and yoghurt to provide soothing pain relief. Parents can also consider alcohol-free mouth rinses and oral gels for the child.
  • Have the child shower or bathe regularly, as this will help soothe their sores. Avoid using harsh soaps and body scrubs on the child, as these may irritate their skin further.
  • Afterward, apply a towel gently to dry the child, to avoid breaking the blisters on the child’s skin. harsh soaps and scrubs that further irritate the skin.
  • If the child’s sleeping area has air-conditioning, switch it off at night. This is because air conditioning can create a dry environment that will reduce the child’s saliva production. This can cause the child’s mouth ulcers to hurt more.
  • If cooling is needed, such as due to hot weather, a humidifier or even just leaving a bowl of water in the room can prevent an excessively dry environment from forming.
  • If the child can’t sleep or rest due to pain, consult the paediatrician about the use of a pain reliever at night.

Dr Erwin points out that there are many “home remedies” being passed around, such as using coarse salts or enzyme water on a child with this disease. There is no evidence that such “remedies” actually work, and in most cases, they only irritate the skin and cause more pain and discomfort!

WHAT ABOUT COMPLICATIONS? ARE THERE ANY?

Usually, plenty of rest at home can help a child with hand, foot, and mouse disease recover, with over-the-counter treatments sufficient to relieve symptoms such as fever, rashes, and/or red spots.

However, in some cases, painful ulcers in the mouth can prevent a child from eating, drinking, and swallowing normally.

“This can lead to dehydration. Serious cases of dehydration require medical attention,” Dr Erwin states.

To keep an eye out for signs of dehydration, parents can do the following:

Take note of poor urine output, dry mouth, and lack of tears when they cry.

These are possible signs of severe dehydration.

Seek immediate medical attention when your child experiences the following:
  • Rapid breathing
  • Disorientation
  • Drowsiness
  • Giddiness
  • Stiff neck
  • Seizures
  • Fever for more than 3 days
  • Not eating and drinking
IT MAY SEEM OVERWHELMING WHEN YOUR CHILD HAS HAND, FOOT, AND MOUTH DISEASE, BUT TAKE A DEEP BREATH

Dr Erwin encourages parents to take a different outlook.

“If you can arrange to take some time off from work, maybe with a doctor’s letter for your employer, just stay home and spend this time with your kids. It is easy to overlook how quickly they grow up!” he says.